The Most Important Side Effects of Drugs on Eyes

Drugs are essential for the treatment and management of various medical conditions. However, they can also have side effects, including those that affect the eyes. Understanding the side effects of drugs on the eyes is crucial in preventing and managing ocular complications. This essay discusses the most important side effects of drugs on the eyes and their implications for patient care.





Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids are commonly used to treat inflammation, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. However, prolonged use of corticosteroids can cause cataracts, glaucoma, and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) (1). These side effects can result in permanent vision loss if not appropriately managed. Therefore, ophthalmologists must closely monitor patients receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy and manage any ocular complications promptly.


Antidepressants

Antidepressants are used to treat various mental health conditions, including depression and anxiety disorders. However, some antidepressants, such as tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can cause dry eyes (2). This side effect occurs due to a decrease in tear production, which can lead to discomfort and visual disturbances. Patients on antidepressant therapy should be advised to use artificial tears and seek medical attention if they experience persistent dry eyes.


Antihistamines

Antihistamines are used to treat allergies and are known to cause ocular side effects such as dry eyes and blurred vision (3). Some antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, can also cause pupillary dilation, leading to increased sensitivity to light and difficulty focusing. Patients on antihistamine therapy should be advised to use artificial tears and wear sunglasses to reduce light sensitivity.


Antipsychotics

Antipsychotics are used to treat various mental health conditions, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, some antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine, can cause retinal toxicity and pigmentation changes in the retina (4). This side effect can result in vision loss and even blindness. Therefore, patients on antipsychotic therapy should undergo regular eye examinations to detect any retinal changes early.


Conclusion

In conclusion, drugs can cause various ocular side effects, which can have significant implications for patient care. It is essential for healthcare professionals to be aware of the potential ocular complications of medications and monitor patients receiving long-term therapy closely. Patients on medication should be advised to report any ocular symptoms promptly and undergo regular eye examinations to detect any changes early.


References:

  1. Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT, Jensvold B. Adverse ocular drug reactions recently identified by the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(4):744-750. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.06.016
  2. Jaanus SD. Ocular side effects of selected systemic drugs. Optom Clin. 1992;2(2):99-118. doi:10.1016/s0896-1549(18)30463-5
  3. Herretes S, Davis SA, Fong DS. Ocular adverse effects of common psychotropic agents: a review. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(5):383-403. doi:10.1007/s40263-015-0234-4
  4. Thorne JE, Maguire AM. Pigmentary retinopathy associated with chlorpromazine use. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(7):1040-1043. doi:10.1001/archopht.119.7.


Dr. Zeyad Zaben

Optometrist, Spain

Location: 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain

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